saturn

This dataset contains 147,890 UFO sighting reports (likely from NUFORC) with 13 columns covering location, shape, duration, witness counts, and free-text descriptions. The Shape field is a clean categorical with 39 values dominated by 'Light' (27,494), 'Circle', and 'Triangle' — a natural starting point for understanding what people report. Duration is text-based but highly repetitive, with '5 minutes' and '2 minutes' as the most common values, suggesting witnesses anchor on round numbers. Watch out for 'No of observers': it is extremely skewed (max 20,000, min -10, skew 109) with ~13% outliers, so it needs cleaning before any quantitative use. Also note that 'Explanation' is 99.5% null — only a tiny fraction of sightings have an official label, with 'Starlink' explanations leading the small set that do.

Sighting is almost certainly a row identifier: every one of the 147890 values is unique, there are no nulls, and the distribution is essentially uniform (skew -0.013, kurtosis -1.13) spanning 111 to 179773. The values are not a dense 1..N sequence, suggesting an externally assigned record or sighting ID with gaps. No outliers and no zeros, consistent with an ID rather than a measurement.

Timestamp strings of the form 'YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS Local', with length tightly clustered at 25 characters (mean 24.96, p95 25). Stored as text rather than parsed datetimes, and 14.6% of values are duplicates (21,626 rows), with notable spikes on July 4th evenings and one outlier '2015-11-07 18:00:00' appearing 104 times. 299 rows contain just the bare token 'Local' with no date, which will break naive datetime parsing.

Short 'City, State/Region, Country' location strings, averaging 20 characters and 3.6 words, dominated by US entries (Phoenix, Seattle, Las Vegas lead) with 'usa' appearing 17,880 times. The column is highly repetitive: 110,819 of 147,890 rows are duplicates (75%) across only 37,070 unique values, so it behaves like a categorical despite being free text. Language detection flags multilingual content but this mostly reflects short-string misclassification — 4,481 detected as English versus small counts in 27 other codes.

Categorical descriptor of UFO sighting shapes across 39 distinct values, with 'Light' leading at 19.4% of records (27,494). The distribution is moderately spread (entropy ratio 0.74), and notably 'Other' (10,062) and 'Unknown' (10,021) together rival the second-largest real category, suggesting substantial reporter ambiguity. Null rate is 4.29%, modest but non-trivial.

This is a free-text duration field, almost always a number-plus-unit phrase like '5 minutes' or '30 seconds' (mean 9.5 chars, ~2 words). Values are highly repetitive: only 15,527 distinct strings across 147,890 rows and an 89% duplicate rate, with a 4.8% null rate. The dominant units are 'minutes' and 'seconds', but the presence of an abbreviated 'min' token signals inconsistent formatting that will need normalisation.

Counts of observers per record, with a typical value of 1-2 (median 2, IQR 1) but a maximum of 20000 driving mean 4.6 and std 129.5. Skew of 109.3 and kurtosis of 14332 are extreme, and 13.0% of rows are flagged as outliers. A min of -10 is suspicious for a count, and 6.9% are zero with 4.5% null.

This is a 'Reported' timestamp stored as text in fixed 27-character format like '1999-11-16 00:00:00 Pacific'. Every value has identical length (min/max/mean = 27) and 3 words, with 'Pacific' appearing as a constant timezone suffix in ~20000 rows. The multilingual alert is a false positive from the language detector misreading dates; the duplicate rate of 7.7% (11418 rows) reflects multiple events sharing a report date.

This column stores posting dates as datetime strings with zeroed time components, almost certainly a publication or upload timestamp. Across 147,890 rows there are 626 distinct dates with no nulls, and the distribution is remarkably flat — entropy ratio 0.93 and the most common date (2020-06-25) accounting for only 1.24% of rows. The top dates span 1999 to 2023, suggesting the dataset covers more than two decades of activity.

This is a multi-label categorical feature describing observed object characteristics (e.g. "Lights on object", "Aura or haze around object", "Aircraft nearby"), stored as comma-joined tags rather than a structured list. Despite 147,890 rows, only 1,446 distinct strings exist and 98.6% are duplicates, with a tiny vocab of 43 tokens. Watch for the 28.15% null rate and a truncated tag ("Changed Colo", apparently "Changed Color" cut off) that recurs across thousands of rows.

Free-text summary field with 144,208 unique values across 147,890 rows and a 0.6% null rate, so virtually every record carries its own short description. Lengths are highly skewed: median 76 characters / 13 words but a max of 10,624 characters and a p95 of 479, and mean Flesch readability of 67.3 suggests fairly plain English prose. Top tokens are stopwords plus 'light' (4,676 occurrences), hinting at a recurring topical theme worth investigating; duplicates (1.9%) and boilerplate (<0.1%) are negligible.

Free-text field containing medium-length English prose, averaging 949.9 characters and 181.6 words with a Flesch readability of 69.6, suggesting reviews, comments, or short narratives. The column is near-unique (127,124 unique of 147,890) yet still carries 4,091 exact duplicates (3.1%) and an 11.3% null rate worth investigating. Top words are dominated by English stopwords plus a frequent first-person 'i' and 'my', hinting at personal/subjective writing rather than formal documents.

Free-text supplementary location notes, populated for only 6.9% of the 147,890 rows (null_rate 0.931). When present, entries are short prose averaging 38.7 characters / 6.9 words with readable Flesch 69.8, and the top tokens ('the', 'of', 'in', 'my', 'from') confirm natural-language descriptions rather than structured place codes. Cardinality is high (9,713 uniques) but 492 exact duplicates (4.8%) hint at recurring phrases worth normalising.

Free-form classification labels explaining UFO/sky-object sightings, with categories like 'Starlink - Probable', 'Rocket - Certain', and 'Balloon - Possible' combining an object type with a confidence qualifier. The column is 99.46% null — only ~800 of 147,890 rows carry a value — so it functions as a sparse annotation rather than a primary feature. Among populated rows, 58 distinct labels appear with relatively even spread (entropy ratio 0.82); the top label 'Starlink - Probable' covers just 9.71% of non-nulls.