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waterfalls waterfalls worldwide

source /home/coolhand/html/datavis/data_trove/data/geographic/waterfalls/waterfalls_worldwide.json 80,678 rows 9 columns profiled 2026-05-01 raw JSON static .html .ipynb Report Notebook

Reading

dataset summary · high confidence anthropic:claude-opus-4-7

This dataset catalogues 80,678 waterfalls worldwide, sourced entirely from OpenStreetMap with latitude/longitude coordinates and minimal descriptive metadata. The most striking feature is how sparse the descriptive fields are: 'category' and 'source' are constant, 'date' and 'country' are essentially empty (country is blank for 80,650 of 80,678 rows), and 89.9% of 'description' entries are simply 'Waterfall'. The 'name' field is similarly thin — 'Unnamed Waterfall' accounts for 48,168 rows and the duplicate rate is 65.7%. The real analytical signal lives in the geographic coordinates, where latitude skews toward the northern hemisphere (median 40.3) and longitude spans the full globe, making this primarily a spatial dataset rather than an attribute-rich one.

citing: country.top_rate · category.top_value · source.top_value · description.top_rate · description.top_values · name.duplicate_rate · name.top_values · latitude.median · latitude.skew · longitude.median · row_count

latitude · Check the northern-hemisphere skew (median ~40°) and the long left tail toward Antarctica.
Show data table
bincount
-77.72 – -73.811
-73.81 – -69.90
-69.9 – -65.992
-65.99 – -62.080
-62.08 – -58.170
-58.17 – -54.2640
-54.26 – -50.3569
-50.35 – -46.44231
-46.44 – -42.54980
-42.54 – -38.631226
-38.63 – -34.721111
-34.72 – -30.81984
-30.81 – -26.92936
-26.9 – -22.991664
-22.99 – -19.082204
-19.08 – -15.171445
-15.17 – -11.26552
-11.26 – -7.348652
-7.348 – -3.439711
-3.439 – 0.47091326
0.4709 – 4.3811234
4.381 – 8.292293
8.29 – 12.21440
12.2 – 16.112557
16.11 – 20.021843
20.02 – 23.931639
23.93 – 27.843183
27.84 – 31.751376
31.75 – 35.663246
35.66 – 39.574519
39.57 – 43.487862
43.48 – 47.3912910
47.39 – 51.37883
51.3 – 55.213329
55.21 – 59.123266
59.12 – 63.032437
63.03 – 66.942174
66.94 – 70.841260
70.84 – 74.7564
74.75 – 78.6629
longitude · See how waterfalls spread across all longitudes, hinting at distinct continental clusters.
Show data table
bincount
-180 – -17121
-171 – -1625
-162 – -153332
-153 – -144.1160
-144.1 – -135.142
-135.1 – -126.11803
-126.1 – -117.13492
-117.1 – -108.11627
-108.1 – -99.13566
-99.13 – -90.14922
-90.14 – -81.153019
-81.15 – -72.174949
-72.17 – -63.182531
-63.18 – -54.22294
-54.2 – -45.214760
-45.21 – -36.231428
-36.23 – -27.2476
-27.24 – -18.26959
-18.26 – -9.274901
-9.274 – -0.28944266
-0.2894 – 8.6967904
8.696 – 17.6810863
17.68 – 26.674161
26.67 – 35.652370
35.65 – 44.644414
44.64 – 53.621659
53.62 – 62.61555
62.61 – 71.59512
71.59 – 80.58785
80.58 – 89.56865
89.56 – 98.55833
98.55 – 107.52020
107.5 – 116.51082
116.5 – 125.51555
125.5 – 134.5842
134.5 – 143.51654
143.5 – 152.51855
152.5 – 161.4345
161.4 – 170.4743
170.4 – 179.41508
description · Note that ~90% of descriptions are just 'Waterfall'; only a small tail encodes height info.
Show data table
valuecountshare
Waterfall7256589.9%
Waterfall, 3m5510.7%
Waterfall, 2m5200.6%
Waterfall, 5m4600.6%
Waterfall, 10m4260.5%
Waterfall, 4m4230.5%
Waterfall, 1m3580.4%
Waterfall, 6m3290.4%
Waterfall, 20m2980.4%
Waterfall, 15m2570.3%
Waterfall, 8m2400.3%
Waterfall, 7m2140.3%
Waterfall, 30m1700.2%
Waterfall, 12m1590.2%
Waterfall, 25m1250.2%
Waterfall, 40m1140.1%
Waterfall, 1.5m1030.1%
Waterfall, 50m790.1%
Waterfall, 9m790.1%
Waterfall, 60m740.1%
name · Name lengths cluster tightly (mean ~16 chars), reflecting the dominance of 'Unnamed Waterfall' and short local names.
Show data table
charscount
1 – 3217
3 – 41507
4 – 6685
6 – 81501
8 – 91940
9 – 111737
11 – 134325
13 – 144350
14 – 162013
16 – 1852248
18 – 193568
19 – 211444
21 – 222068
22 – 241215
24 – 26387
26 – 27545
27 – 29308
29 – 3194
31 – 32175
32 – 3461
34 – 3684
36 – 3762
37 – 3918
39 – 4131
41 – 4231
42 – 4411
44 – 4617
46 – 478
47 – 492
49 – 506
50 – 527
52 – 541
54 – 552
55 – 573
57 – 591
59 – 604
60 – 620
62 – 640
64 – 650
65 – 672
country · Almost every row has a blank country — a critical data-quality gap to flag before any geographic rollup.
Show data table
valuecountshare
80650100.0%
VE240.0%
DE10.0%
LB10.0%
HN10.0%
BR10.0%

Schema

9 columns
Alerts
latitude numeric 0.0% 80,650
longitude numeric 0.0% 80,650
name text 0.0% 27,697
duplicates
description categorical 0.0% 775
long_tail
category categorical 0.0% 1
imbalance
date categorical 0.0% 1
imbalance
country categorical 0.0% 6
long_tail imbalance
height categorical 0.0% 775
long_tail
source categorical 0.0% 1
imbalance

latitude

numeric feature
Geographic latitude coordinates spanning -77.72 to 78.66, covering nearly the full habitable range of Earth. The distribution is left-skewed (-0.94) with a median of 40.31 sitting well above the mean of 27.15, suggesting a concentration of records in the Northern Hemisphere with a long tail reaching toward Antarctica. Near-uniqueness (80,650 distinct of 80,678) and zero nulls indicate clean, granular point data. Treatment: Pair with longitude for geospatial features; avoid treating as a standalone scalar in models. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
80,650
min
-77.72
max
78.66
mean
27.15
median
40.31
std
30.05
q1
9.657
q3
47.48
iqr
37.82
skew
-0.9359
kurtosis
-0.2827
n_outliers
298
outlier_rate
0.003694
zero_rate
0

longitude

numeric feature
This is a longitude coordinate column spanning the full global range from -179.99 to 179.41, with 80,650 unique values across 80,678 rows and no nulls. The distribution is broad (std 76.86, IQR 100.27) and only mildly skewed (0.29), with the median at 7.80 sitting east of the prime meridian, hinting at a Europe/Africa-leaning sample. No outliers were flagged, consistent with values bounded by valid geographic limits. Treatment: Pair with latitude as a 2D geospatial feature; avoid treating as a standalone scalar. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
80,650
min
-180
max
179.4
mean
0.9626
median
7.803
std
76.86
q1
-61.71
q3
38.56
iqr
100.3
skew
0.2865
kurtosis
-0.4119
n_outliers
0
outlier_rate
0
zero_rate
0

name

text label duplicates
This is the human-readable name of a waterfall, averaging 2 words and 16 characters. The column is dominated by the placeholder 'Unnamed Waterfall' (48,168 of 80,678 rows), driving a 65.7% duplicate rate; multiple languages appear in the vocabulary (cachoeira, cascada, cascata, salto, fossen) alongside English 'falls'. Treatment: Treat 'Unnamed Waterfall' as missing and avoid using this field as a unique key. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
27,697
len_min
1
len_max
67
len_mean
16.12
len_median
17
len_p95
21
word_mean
2.091
word_median
2
n_empty
0
n_duplicates
52,981
duplicate_rate
0.6567
vocab_size
8,093
readability_flesch_mean
17.61
emoji_rate
1.239e-05
url_rate
0
one_word_rate
0.1112
allcaps_rate
0.03462
boilerplate_rate
0

description

categorical feature long_tail
This is a categorical descriptor column, overwhelmingly dominated by the value "Waterfall" which accounts for 72,565 of 80,678 rows (top_rate 0.899). The remaining 774 categories appear to be variants annotated with heights (e.g. "Waterfall, 3m", "Waterfall, 5m"), suggesting a structured suffix pattern rather than free text. Entropy is very low (1.14, ratio 0.119) and the long_tail alert fires, so most signal collapses into one label. Treatment: Parse the height suffix into a numeric feature and collapse the rest to a binary is_waterfall flag. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
775
top_value
Waterfall
top_rate
0.8994
cardinality
775
entropy
1.14
entropy_ratio
0.1188

category

categorical metadata imbalance
This column is a constant categorical tag, holding the literal value "usgs_waterfalls" for all 80678 rows. With cardinality 1, entropy 0, and a top_rate of 1.0, it carries no information and likely just records the source dataset or ingestion batch. Treatment: Drop before modelling; retain only as a provenance label if combining with other sources. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
1
top_value
usgs_waterfalls
top_rate
1
cardinality
1
entropy
0
entropy_ratio
0

date

categorical metadata imbalance
This column is named 'date' but contains a single value—an empty string—across all 80678 rows. Cardinality is 1, top_rate is 1.0, and entropy is 0.0, so the field carries no information. It looks like a date field that was never populated. Treatment: Drop; the column is constant (empty string) and has zero signal. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
1
top_value
top_rate
1
cardinality
1
entropy
0
entropy_ratio
0

country

categorical metadata long_tail imbalance
This is an ISO country code field that is effectively empty: 80650 of 80678 rows (top_rate 0.9996) hold the blank string, leaving only 28 actual codes spread across VE (24), and one each for DE, LB, HN, and BR. Entropy is 0.0048 (entropy_ratio 0.0019), so the column carries almost no information despite having no nulls. The non-blank values look plausible but are far too sparse to support segmentation or modelling. Treatment: Drop or collapse to a binary has_country flag; too sparse to use as a feature. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
6
top_value
top_rate
0.9997
cardinality
6
entropy
0.004794
entropy_ratio
0.001854

height

categorical feature long_tail
A nominally numeric height field stored as strings, but 89.9% of the 80,678 rows are empty and the remaining values spread across 775 distinct tokens with very low entropy ratio (0.119). The populated values look like small integers (3, 2, 5, 10...) with no obvious unit, suggesting inconsistent or truncated entry rather than a clean measurement. Treatment: Treat empty string as missing, cast to numeric, and expect ~90% nulls before use; likely drop unless imputation is justified. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
775
top_value
top_rate
0.8994
cardinality
775
entropy
1.14
entropy_ratio
0.1188

source

categorical metadata imbalance
This column records the data provenance, with every one of the 80678 rows tagged as "OpenStreetMap". Cardinality is 1 and entropy is 0, so the field carries no information for modelling or filtering. Treatment: drop, constant column with a single value. high · anthropic:claude-opus-4-7
n
80,678
nulls
0 (0.0%)
unique
1
top_value
OpenStreetMap
top_rate
1
cardinality
1
entropy
0
entropy_ratio
0